Why This Works
Mulling is an infusion, and time is the main ingredient. The whole spices release their oils slowly into the warm cider — cinnamon first, then clove, with star anise adding a faint licorice depth. That's why the simmer is long and gentle: boiling drives off the aromatics you're trying to capture.
Good fresh cider usually needs no added sugar, which is why the brown sugar is listed as optional and last. Taste before you sweeten. The rum alternative adds its molasses base note underneath everything — the difference between spiced cider and a proper winter drink.
The Alcohol-Free Swap
Alcohol-free rum deepens the cider without the harshness hot alcohol brings — everyone at the gathering gets the same mug.